Structure-Affinity Relationships of 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine and 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-7-amine Analogues and the Discovery of a Radiofluorinated 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine Congener for Imaging GluN2B Subunit-Containing N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors.

Aspiring to develop a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent for the GluN2B subunits of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a key therapeutic target for drug development toward several neurological disorders, we synthesized a series of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine and 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-7-amine analogues. After in vitro testing via competition binding assay and autoradiography, [18F]PF-NB1 emerged as the best performing tracer with respect to specificity and selectivity over σ1 and σ2 receptors and was thus selected for further in vivo evaluation. Copper-mediated radiofluorination was accomplished in good radiochemical yields and high molar activities. Extensive in vivo characterization was performed in Wistar rats comprising PET imaging, biodistribution, receptor occupancy, and metabolites studies. [18F]PF-NB1 binding was selective to GluN2B-rich forebrain regions and was specifically blocked by the GluN2B antagonist, CP-101,606, in a dose-dependent manner with no brain radiometabolites. [18F]PF-NB1 is a promising fluorine-18 PET tracer for imaging the GluN2B subunits of the NMDAR and has utility for receptor occupancy studies.

Preclinical Evaluation of Benzazepine-Based PET Radioligands (R)- and (S)-11C-Me-NB1 Reveals Distinct Enantiomeric Binding Patterns and a Tightrope Walk Between GluN2B- and σ1-Receptor-Targeted PET Imaging.

The study aims to investigate the performance characteristics of the enantiomers of 11C-Me-NB1, a recently reported PET imaging probe that targets the GluN2B subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Methods: Reference compound Me-NB1 (inhibition constant for hGluN1/GluN2B, 5.4 nM) and the phenolic precursor were prepared via multistep synthesis. Following chiral resolution by high-performance liquid chromatography, enantiopure precursor compounds, (R)-NB1 and (S)-NB1, were labeled with 11C and validated in rodents using in vitro/ex vivo autoradiography, PET experiments, and dose-response studies. To illustrate the translational relevance, (R)-11C-Me-NB1 was validated in autoradiographic studies using postmortem human GluN2B-rich cortical and GluN2B-deficient cerebellar brain slices. To determine target engagement, receptor occupancy was assessed at different plasma concentrations of CP101,606, a GluN2B receptor antagonist. Results: The radiosynthesis of (R)- and (S)-11C-Me-NB1 was accomplished in 42% ± 9% (decay-corrected) radiochemical yields. Molar activity ranged from 40 to 336 GBq/µmol, and an excellent radiochemical purity of greater than 99% was achieved. Although (R)-11C-Me-NB1 displayed heterogeneous accumulation with high selectivity for the GluN2B-rich forebrain, (S)-11C-Me-NB1 revealed a homogeneous distribution across all brain regions in rodent brain autoradiograms and predominantly exhibited σ1-receptor binding. Similar to rodent brain, (R)-11C-Me-NB1 showed in postmortem human brain tissues higher binding in the cortex than in the cerebellum. Coincubation of the GluN2B-antagonist CERC-301 (1 µM) reduced cortical but not cerebellar binding, demonstrating the specificity of (R)-11C-Me-NB1 binding to the human GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor. In vivo specificity of (R)-11C-Me-NB1 in the GluN2B-expressing cortex, striatum, thalamus, and hippocampus was demonstrated by PET imaging in rodents. Applying GluN2B-antagonist eliprodil, an evident dose-response behavior was observed with (R)-11C-Me-NB1 but not with (S)-11C-Me-NB1. Our findings further underline the tightrope walk between GluN2B- and σ1-receptor-targeted imaging, illustrated by the entirely different receptor binding behavior of the 2 radioligand enantiomers. Conclusion: (R)-11C-Me-NB1 is a highly selective and specific PET radioligand for imaging the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. The entirely different receptor binding behavior of (R)-11C-Me-NB1 and (S)-11C-Me-NB1 raises awareness of a delicate balance that is underlying the selective targeting of either GluN2B-carrying NMDA or σ1-receptors.